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Proxy (statistics)
In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable.〔Upton, G., Cook,I. (2002) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics''. OUP ISBN 978-0-19-954145-4〕 In order for a variable to be a good proxy, it must have a close correlation, not necessarily linear, with the variable of interest. This correlation might be either positive or negative.
==Examples==
In social sciences, proxy measurements are often required to stand in for variables that cannot be directly measured. Per-capita GDP is often used as a proxy for measures of standard of living or quality of life. Montgomery ''et al.'' examine several proxies used, and point out limitations with each, stating "In poor countries, no single empirical measure can be expected to display all of the facets of the concept of income. Our judgment is that consumption per adult is the best measure among those collected in cross-sectional surveys."〔Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen Burke, and Edmundo Paredes, (Measuring Living Standards with Proxy Variables ), ''Demography,'' Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 155-174 (2000). (retrieved 9 Nov. 2015)〕
Likewise, country of origin or birthplace might be used as a proxy for race, or vice versa.
Frost lists several examples of proxy variables:〔Jim Frost, (Proxy Variables: The Good Twin of Confounding Variables ), 22 September, 2011 (retrieved 9 Nov. 2015)〕 Widths of tree rings: proxy for historical environmental conditions; Per-capita GDP: proxy for
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